External Provisioners

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By default, the Coder server runs built-in provisioner daemons, which execute terraform during workspace and template builds. However, there are often benefits to running external provisioner daemons:

Secure build environments: Run build jobs in isolated containers, preventing malicious templates from gaining sh access to the Coder host.
Isolate APIs: Deploy provisioners in isolated environments (on-prem, AWS, Azure) instead of exposing APIs (Docker, Kubernetes, VMware) to the Coder server. See Provider Authentication for more details.
Isolate secrets: Keep Coder unaware of cloud secrets, manage/rotate secrets on provisioner servers.
Reduce server load: External provisioners reduce load and build queue times from the Coder server. See Scaling Coder for more details.

Each provisioner runs a single concurrent workspace build. For example, running 30 provisioner containers will allow 30 users to start workspaces at the same time.

Provisioners are started with the coder provisioner start command in the full Coder binary. Keep reading to learn how to start provisioners via Docker, Kubernetes, Systemd, etc.

You can use the dashboard, CLI, or API to manage provisioners.

Authentication

The provisioner daemon must authenticate with your Coder deployment.

We recommend creating finely-scoped keys for provisioners. Keys are scoped to an organization, and optionally to a specific set of tags.

Use coder provisioner to create the key:
- To create a key for an organization that will match untagged jobs:
  
  coder provisioner keys create my-key \ --org default Successfully created provisioner key my-key! Save this authentication token, it will not be shown again. <key omitted>
- To restrict the provisioner to jobs with specific tags:
  
  coder provisioner keys create kubernetes-key \ --org default \ --tag environment=kubernetes Successfully created provisioner key kubernetes-key! Save this authentication token, it will not be shown again. <key omitted>
Start the provisioner with the specified key:

export CODER_URL=https://<your-coder-url> export CODER_PROVISIONER_DAEMON_KEY=<key> coder provisioner start

Keep reading to see instructions for running provisioners on Kubernetes/Docker/etc.

Provisioner Tags

You can use provisioner tags to control which provisioners can pick up build jobs from templates (and corresponding workspaces) with matching explicit tags.

Provisioners have two implicit tags: scope and owner. Coder sets these tags automatically.

Organization-scoped provisioners always have the implicit tags scope=organization owner=""
User-scoped provisioners always have the implicit tags scope=user owner=<uuid>

For example:

# Start a provisioner with the explicit tags
# environment=on_prem and datacenter=chicago
coder provisioner start \
  --tag environment=on_prem \
  --tag datacenter=chicago

# In another terminal, create/push
# a template that requires the explicit
# tag environment=on_prem
coder templates push on-prem \
  --provisioner-tag environment=on_prem

# Or, match the provisioner's explicit tags exactly
coder templates push on-prem-chicago \
  --provisioner-tag environment=on_prem \
  --provisioner-tag datacenter=chicago

This can also be done in the UI when building a template:

template tags

Alternatively, a template can target a provisioner via workspace tags inside the Terraform. See the workspace tags documentation for more information.

Note

Workspace tags defined with the coder_workspace_tags data source template do not automatically apply to the template import job! You may need to specify the desired tags when importing the template.

A provisioner can run a given build job if one of the below is true:

A job with no explicit tags can only be run on a provisioner with no explicit tags. This way you can introduce tagging into your deployment without disrupting existing provisioners and jobs.
If a job has any explicit tags, it can only run on a provisioner with those explicit tags (the provisioner could have additional tags).

The external provisioner in the above example can run build jobs in the same organization with tags:

environment=on_prem
datacenter=chicago
environment=on_prem datacenter=chicago

However, it will not pick up any build jobs that do not have either of the environment or datacenter tags set. It will also not pick up any build jobs from templates with the tag scope=user set, or build jobs from templates in different organizations.

Note

If you only run tagged provisioners, you will need to specify a set of tags that matches at least one provisioner for all template import jobs and workspace build jobs.

You may wish to run at least one additional provisioner with no additional tags so that provisioner jobs with no additional tags defined will be picked up instead of potentially remaining in the Pending state indefinitely.

This is illustrated in the below table:

Provisioner Tags	Job Tags	Same Org	Can Run Job?
scope=organization owner=	scope=organization owner=	✅	✅
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	✅	✅
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	✅	✅
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	✅	✅
scope=user owner=aaa	scope=user owner=aaa	✅	✅
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	scope=user owner=aaa	✅	✅
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	✅	✅
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	✅	✅
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	✅	✅
scope=organization owner=	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	✅	❌
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	scope=organization owner=	✅	❌
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	✅	❌
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=new_york	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	✅	❌
scope=user owner=aaa	scope=organization owner=	✅	❌
scope=user owner=aaa	scope=user owner=bbb	✅	❌
scope=organization owner=	scope=user owner=aaa	✅	❌
scope=organization owner=	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	✅	❌
scope=user owner=aaa	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	✅	❌
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	✅	❌
scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=chicago	scope=user owner=aaa environment=on-prem datacenter=new_york	✅	❌
scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	scope=organization owner= environment=on-prem	❌	❌

Tip

To generate this table, run the following command and copy the output:

go test -v -count=1 ./coderd/provisionerdserver/ -test.run='^TestAcquirer_MatchTags/GenTable$'

Types of provisioners

Provisioners can broadly be categorized by scope: organization or user. The scope of a provisioner can be specified with -tag=scope=<scope> when starting the provisioner daemon. Only users with at least the Template Admin role or higher may create organization-scoped provisioner daemons.

There are two exceptions:

Built-in provisioners are always organization-scoped.
External provisioners started using a pre-shared key (PSK) are always organization-scoped.

Organization-Scoped Provisioners

Organization-scoped Provisioners can pick up build jobs created by any user. These provisioners always have the implicit tags scope=organization owner="".

coder provisioner start --org <organization_name>

If you omit the --org argument, the provisioner will be assigned to the default organization.

coder provisioner start

User-scoped Provisioners

User-scoped Provisioners can only pick up build jobs created from user-tagged templates. Unlike the other provisioner types, any Coder user can run user provisioners, but they have no impact unless there exists at least one template with the scope=user provisioner tag.

coder provisioner start \
  --tag scope=user

# In another terminal, create/push
# a template that requires user provisioners
coder templates push on-prem \
  --provisioner-tag scope=user

Example: Running an external provisioner with Helm

Coder provides a Helm chart for running external provisioner daemons, which you will use in concert with the Helm chart for deploying the Coder server.

Create a provisioner key:

coder provisioner keys create my-cool-key --org default # Optionally, you can specify tags for the provisioner key: # coder provisioner keys create my-cool-key --org default --tag location=auh --tag kind=k8s Successfully created provisioner key kubernetes-key! Save this authentication token, it will not be shown again. <key omitted>
Store the key in a kubernetes secret:

kubectl create secret generic coder-provisioner-keys --from-literal=my-cool-key=`<key omitted>`
Create a provisioner-values.yaml file for the provisioner daemons Helm chart. For example:

coder: env: - name: CODER_URL value: "https://coder.example.com" replicaCount: 10 provisionerDaemon: # NOTE: in older versions of the Helm chart (2.17.0 and below), it is required to set this to an empty string. pskSecretName: "" keySecretName: "coder-provisioner-keys" keySecretKey: "my-cool-key"

This example creates a deployment of 10 provisioner daemons (for 10 concurrent builds) authenticating using the above key. The daemons will authenticate using the provisioner key created in the previous step and acquire jobs matching the tags specified when the provisioner key was created. The set of tags is inferred automatically from the provisioner key.

Refer to the values.yaml file for the coder-provisioner chart for information on what values can be specified.
Install the provisioner daemon chart

helm install coder-provisioner coder-v2/coder-provisioner \ --namespace coder \ --version <your version> \ --values provisioner-values.yaml

You can verify that your provisioner daemons have successfully connected to Coderd by looking for a debug log message that says provisioner: successfully connected to coderd from each Pod.

Example: Running an external provisioner on a VM

curl -L https://coder.com/install.sh | sh
export CODER_URL=https://coder.example.com
export CODER_SESSION_TOKEN=your_token
coder provisioner start

Example: Running an external provisioner via Docker

docker run --rm -it \
  -e CODER_URL=https://coder.example.com/ \
  -e CODER_SESSION_TOKEN=your_token \
  --entrypoint /opt/coder \
  ghcr.io/coder/coder:latest \
  provisioner start

Disable built-in provisioners

As mentioned above, the Coder server will run built-in provisioners by default. This can be disabled with a server-wide flag or environment variable.

coder server --provisioner-daemons=0

Prometheus metrics

Coder provisioner daemon exports metrics via the HTTP endpoint, which can be enabled using either the environment variable CODER_PROMETHEUS_ENABLE or the flag --prometheus-enable.

The Prometheus endpoint address is http://localhost:2112/ by default. You can use either the environment variable CODER_PROMETHEUS_ADDRESS or the flag --prometheus-address <network-interface>:<port> to select a different listen address.

If you have provisioners daemons deployed as pods, it is advised to monitor them separately.

Manage Provisioners